Increasing DoA Resolution for Bluetooth-Based Direction Finding with RSSI Measurements Using Quasi-Yagi Microstrip Antennas and the APPR Algorithm
IEEE Access, vol.14, pp.77320-77341, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Publication Type: Article / Article
- Volume: 14
- Publication Date: 2026
- Doi Number: 10.1109/access.2026.3695099
- Journal Name: IEEE Access
- Journal Indexes: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Compendex, INSPEC, Directory of Open Access Journals
- Page Numbers: pp.77320-77341
- Keywords: Adjacent pattern power ratio, direction of arrival algorithm, microstrip Yagi antenna, radio frequency module, uniform circular antenna array
- Istanbul Kültür University Affiliated: Yes
Abstract
The majority of applications require and take into account direction of arrival (DoA) information from fixed or mobile RF sources to improve signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR) performance, facilitate better communications, and locate signal sources. If we consider widespread use and applicability, a low computational cost algorithm leading to a low-cost device will be more preferable to use for a DoA application. With the given criterion, some technologies stand out more these days, such as the low computational cost adjacent pattern power ratio (APPR) algorithm as the DoA algorithm, PCB antennas as sensor elements, and Bluetooth as the RF device due to its widespread use. For short-range, indoor and outdoor scenarios and embedded platforms using Bluetooth, this study uses the linear regression approximation (LRA)-based APPR algorithm to evaluate the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) and demonstrates that the resolution of the DoA angle (minimum resolvable angle) increases with increasing antenna directivity and gain. To demonstrate this, a microcontroller-based embedded system using Bluetooth technology suitable for short-range indoor and outdoor settings and a uniform circular antenna array consisting of directive single-ended PCB quasi-Yagi antennas are employed. In this arrangement, it is shown that increasing the antenna gain and, accordingly, the steepness of the gain pattern of various designed antennas increases the DoA angle resolution and accuracy of the LRA-based APPR algorithm.