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in: Cellular and Molecular Phytotoxicity of Heavy Metals, Mohammad Faisal,Quaiser Saquib,Abdulrahman A. Alatar,Abdulaziz A. Al-Khedhairy, Editor, Springer Nature, Berlin, pp.137-155, 2021
Heavy metal stress is a leading abiotic stress factor in the twenty-first century as a reflection of industrial developments and extensive urbanization. Plants adopt several adaptation mechanisms to cope with deleterious effects of heavy metal stress. Biosynthesis of amino acids/organic acids, phytochelatins (PCs), metallothioneins (MTs), heat-shock proteins (HSPs), metal chelators, chaperons, ABC-type transporters, and CDF family metal transporters are among the heavy metal binding or transporting mechanisms in plants. This chapter emphasizes phyto-miRNAs related to these tolerance mechanism pathways. Moreover, transcription factors which are targeted by heavy metal-related phyto-miRNAs are also summarized under the effect of various heavy metals due to their intertwined regulatory mechanisms.