A systematic review of clay and earth-based mixtures for 3D printing.

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Dabanlı Ö., Alhan E. T., Akgür H., Alaçam S., Çevik A. N., Erdemonar M. S.

In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Earthen Architectural Heritage (KERPIC’25) , Rabat, Morocco, 25 - 27 October 2025, pp.467-476, (Full Text)

  • Publication Type: Conference Paper / Full Text
  • City: Rabat
  • Country: Morocco
  • Page Numbers: pp.467-476
  • Istanbul Kültür University Affiliated: No

Abstract

ABSTRACT

This paper presents a systematic review of clay and earth-based mixtures in 3D printing. From the

Web of Science database, 251 publications were initially retrieved; 64 full texts were screened, and

33 provided extractable data on mixture compositions. Bibliometric analyses indicate a sharp rise in

research activity since 2016, peaking in 2024, with major contributions from the United States,

China, India, and European countries. Citation patterns further confirm the growing impact of this

field and its emergence as a research domain.

The reviewed studies highlight mixture design -covering binder and aggregate types, mix ratios, and

additive incorporation- as the key factor in balancing fresh-state with hardened-state properties.

Additives such as cellulose microfibres, xanthan gum, sodium alginate, and nanomaterials strongly

influence extrudability, buildability, and strength. In addition, sustainable strategies -including the

reuse of waste, valorization of industrial by-products, and integration of natural fibers- contribute to

reducing environmental impact. Overall, the review shows that while interest in clay and earth-based

3D printing is rapidly increasing, mixture design constitutes an area open to further advancement

through experimental research.

Keywords: 3D printing, clay-based mixtures, earth-based mixtures, mixture design, printability,

buildability.